1)Next‑Generation Geothermal Systems – Global Technology and Strategy Review
This study synthesizes global experience with next‑generation geothermal technologies, including Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), Advanced Geothermal Systems (closed‑loop/AGS) and Superhot Rock (SHR) concepts, and compares them systematically to conventional hydrothermal developments. It examines how engineered permeability, closed‑loop borehole heat exchangers and supercritical resources can unlock hot‑dry‑rock plays, enable higher energy output per well and support co‑located green‑hydrogen production and lithium extraction from geothermal brines. The review clarifies terminology and classification, assesses technological readiness, drilling and completion challenges, induced‑seismicity and conduction‑limit constraints, and translates these insights into practical guidance on where and how next‑generation geothermal projects can be deployed globally and in Middle Eastern tectonic and sedimentary settings.