1)Lithium Extraction in the Energy Transition – Technology & DLE Readiness Review
This work synthesizes the performance, costs and environmental footprints of conventional hard rock and brine evaporation routes versus emerging DLE technologies (adsorption, ion exchange, solvent extraction, membranes, electrochemical systems and hybrids). It provides a technology agnostic decision framework that links brine chemistry (Li grade, Mg/Li, sulfate/boron content, temperature) to suitable extraction flowsheets and summarizes typical recovery, processing time, water/energy use and unit cost ranges.